Walak and Pakasa'an
According to the Tontemboan language dictionary which is quoted by Prof G.A. Wilken in the year 1912 the meaning of Walak is:
Line of descent
Group of inhabitants
Part of the inhabitants
Dwelling place of the line of descendants.
So Walak carries two meanings i.e. a group of inhabitants of one line of descendants and dwelling place of a group of inhabitants of one line of descendants.
Kepala Walak (Walak head) means leader of the community of inhabitants of one line of descendants.
Tu'ur Imbalak means central dwelling area of the first place before a community creates offspring branches.
Mawalak means dividing land according to the number of descendant branches..
Ipawalak means dividing land according to the sum of the first children, not including cousins and great grandchildren..
The research of G.A. Wilken belies the report of Dutch resident Wensel who wrote that the word Walak is derived from the Malay language Balok (beam), because the Kepala Walak (Walak head) of the Minahasa had to prepare a beam of wood for the Dutch East-Indies Government in the 18th century. The word Walak is an original Minahasa word from the area of Tontemboan, Tombuluk, Tonsea and Tondano. We don't know the number of Walak in the Minahasa before the Dutch era in 1679. When the Minahasa closed an agreement with the Dutch VOC there were 20 Walak in the Minahasa. In the beginning of the 19th century the number of Walak in the Minahasa was 27.
The unision of a few Walak who had family ties and same language dialect created a “pakasa'an” so the Walak heads of the Pakasa'an of Tombulu in the 17th century must be descendants of dotu Supit, Lontoh and Paat. The oldest Pakasa'an, according to “A'asaren Tuah Puhuhna”, written by J.G.F. Riedel in 1870, is Toungkimbut in the southern region of the Minahasa up to Mongondouw, Tountewoh in Tombatu up to the northern coast of Likupang on the eastside of the Minahasa and Tombulu in west Minahasa from Sarongsong to the northern coast of the Minahasa.
According to stories of a few Minahasa elder families, there were still two Pakasa'an in old Minahasa stories who went to the region of Gorontalo (today the descendants of archfather Suawa) and Tou-Ure and they permanently lived in the mountain area of Wulur-Mahatus. Tou-Ure means old people. According to the theory of the creation of the community of the age of large stones or “megaliths”, written by Drs. Teguh Asmar in his magazine “Prehistory of North Sulawesi” in the year 1986, the Megalith era was formed 2.500 years B.C. An example of the megalith era is to center adat (custom) ceremonies around large stones like Watu Pinawetengan. The stone age or Neoit age in North Sulawesi started in the first Milennium B.C. or about a thousand years B.C. An example is the creation of Waruga sarcophagi. In those days the Minahasa people, who had a Malesung culture, already knew an organized government in the form of a community of one line of descent, for instance the descendants of archfathers Soputan, Makaliwe, Mandei, Pinontoan, Mamarimbing, their highest leader had the title of Muntu-Untu, who lead the meeting at Batu Pinawetengan in the 7th century
The Pakasa’an Tou-Ure probably did not join the meeting at Pinawetengan to pledge allegiance to one line of descendants of Toar and Lumimu'ut where all Pakasa'an call themselves Mahasa, originating from the word Esa, meaning one, so Tou-Ure was left out of the stories of old Minahasa. It is not yet known in which century pakasa'an Tountewo split into two becoming Pakasa'an Toundanou and Tounsea giving the Minahasa four Pakasa'an, i.e. Toungkimbut changed to become Toumpakewa, Toumbuluk, Tonsea and Toundanou. The condition of Pakasa'an in the Minahasa at the time of the Dutch shows it changed again where Pakasa’an Tontemboan already split into two Pakasa'an regions Toundanouw (see picture) and already gave birth to pakasa'an Tondano, Touwuntu and Toundanou. Pakasa’an Tondano consists of walak Kakas, Romboken and Toulour. Pakasa’an Touwuntu consists of walak Tousuraya and Toulumalak that now is called Pasan as well as Ratahan. Pakasa’an Toundanou consists of walak Tombatu and Tonsawang.
Quoted By :
http://www.theminahasa.net/history/stories/pakasaan.html
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